تصريف الفعل Verben konjugéieren
ستة ضمائر، وثلاث نهايات، وفعلان يسيران على طريقتهما. من يستطيع تصريف wunnen يستطيع تصريف معظم أفعال اللغة.
13 كلمة وعبارة
- ech
- أنا
- du
- أنتَ / أنتِ
- hien
- هو
- si
- هي؛ هم / هن (الفعل يحدّد) The verb tells you which: si wunnt is she, si wunnen is they.
- hatt
- هو / هي (ضمير محايد: لشيء، أو لفتاة أو شابّة) The neuter pronoun. Also used for a girl or a young woman: d’Meedchen … hatt.
- mir
- نحن
- dir
- أنتم (Dir بحرف كبير: أنتَ بصيغة التهذيب) Written Dir, with a capital, it is the polite "you" for one person and takes the same verb form.
- sinn
- يكون
- hunn
- يملك
- heeschen
- يُسمّى
- kommen
- يأتي
- wunnen
- يسكن
- schwätzen
- يتكلّم
القواعد
Six persons, three endings
A Luxembourgish verb changes with the person, but far less than a French or Portuguese one. Take the infinitive — wunnen — and remove -en: the stem is wunn-.
ech wunnen · du wunns · hien / si / hatt wunnt · mir wunnen · dir wunnt · si wunnen.
So there are only three forms to learn: the infinitive itself for ech, mir and si; -s for du; -t for hien / si / hatt and for dir.
- Du wunns zu Lëtzebuerg. — You live in Luxembourg.
- Dir wunnt zu Esch. — You live in Esch. (several people, or politely)
Some verbs change their vowel
In the du and hien / si / hatt forms, some verbs change their vowel: kommen gives du kënns, hien kënnt — but mir kommen, dir kommt. The endings stay the same; only the vowel moves.
When the stem already ends in -z, the du form adds nothing: du schwätz, hatt schwätzt. heeschen keeps its vowel: du heeschs, hien heescht.
Every verb’s page shows its full table, straight from the LOD — look there when a verb surprises you.
- Du kënns aus Portugal. — You come from Portugal.
- Si schwätzt Lëtzebuergesch. — She speaks Luxembourgish.
sinn and hunn do their own thing
ech sinn, du bass, hien / si / hatt ass, mir sinn, dir sidd, si sinn.
ech hunn, du hues, hien / si / hatt huet, mir hunn, dir hutt, si hunn.
Learn these two by heart: besides being the most used verbs, they build the past of every other one — ech hu geschafft, ech si komm.
- Ech si midd. — I am tired.
- Hues du Kanner? — Do you have children?
The n that comes and goes
A final -n is often dropped before the next word. It stays before a vowel and before d, t, z, n and h; it disappears before every other consonant. So ech wunnen zu Esch keeps its n (z), but ech si midd and mir hu keng Zäit lose it (m, k).
That is why the tables read ech si gewiescht and ech hu geschafft — and it is the same rule as Gudde Moien / Gudden Owend from the first lesson. Written Luxembourgish follows it too.
- Mir hu keng Zäit. — We have no time.
- Mir hunn zwee Kanner. — We have two children.
التمارين
6 تمريناً: اختيار من متعدد، وكتابة، ومطابقة، وترتيب الكلمات.