لهجات اللغة وتاريخها Dialekter a Sproochgeschicht
من أين جاءت اللوكسمبورغية، وكيف جرى توحيدها، وطبقتاها الفرنسية والألمانية، والقاعدة التي تحكم النون الأخيرة.
23 كلمة وعبارة
- Muselfränkesch
- Moselle Franconian The West Central German group Luxembourgish belongs to.
- d'Éislek
- the Ösling (the north)
- de Minett
- the south (the iron-ore region)
- d'Musel
- the Moselle (the east)
- d'Stad
- المدينة
- d'Koiné
- the common standard variety Based on the central dialects, spread by media and school.
- d'Orthographie
- the spelling Official spelling of 1975, revised in 1999 and again in 2019.
- de Zenter fir d'Lëtzebuerger Sprooch (ZLS)
- the state language centre Created by the 2018 law promoting Luxembourgish.
- de LOD
- Lëtzebuerger Online Dictionnaire The reference dictionary, free online.
- Eifeler Regel
- the n-deletion rule Shared with the dialects of the German Eifel.
- d'Friemwuert
- the loanword / foreign word
- d'Etymologie
- etymology
- Äddi (← adieu), Merci, Trottoir, Velo, Camion, Portmonni, Forschett
- everyday words borrowed from French
- de Sproochwandel
- language change
- d'Standardsprooch
- the standard language
- d'Sproochpolitik
- language policy
- d'Méisproochegkeet
- multilingualism
- d'Aussprooch
- pronunciation
- de Wuertschatz
- vocabulary
- d'Betounung
- stress
- de Vokal / de Konsonant
- vowel / consonant
- kodifizéieren
- to codify
- ofleeden
- to derive
القواعد
The Eifel rule, stated fully
A final -n (also -nn) is dropped before a following word that begins with a consonant, except before d, t, z, n and h; it is kept before vowels. Within a sentence it applies across word boundaries: "Ech hu Kappwéi" but "Ech hunn Honger", "de Mann" but "den Apel", "wäerte klammen" but "wäerten dann".
Everyday writing is inconsistent (you will see "Ech hu Honger"), but the codified rule is the one above, and the LOD follows it.
Regional flavour
Regional differences today are mostly in vowels and intonation; the vocabulary has largely converged on the koiné. The standard spelling is deliberately neutral, so a text does not reveal where its author is from.
التمارين
6 تمريناً: اختيار من متعدد، وكتابة، ومطابقة، وترتيب الكلمات.